Azyl LGBT+: perspektywa „postępu” i znaczenie czasu
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34767/SIIP.2025.01.07Słowa kluczowe:
Azyl LGBT, migracja queer, prawa LGBT, prawo azylowe, multikulturalizmAbstrakt
Azyl dla osób LGBT+ rozpoczął swoją „ścieżkę uznania” około lat 80. i 90. XX w. (spór między Holandią a Kanadą) poprzez orzecznictwo, które uznało orientację seksualną i tożsamość płciową za cechy tożsamościowe grup społecznych, objęte zakresem Konwencji dotyczącej statusu uchodźców z 1951 r. Od tego czasu organizacje praw człowieka, Organizacja Narodów Zjednoczonych, naukowcy i aktywiści sformułowali pewne normatywne rozważania dotyczące „tego, co jest” – wyrażając poważne obawy, naruszenia praw człowieka, potępiając potrzebę pilnych reform w formie zaleceń – oraz „tego, co powinno być” – wskazując, w jaki sposób niektóre kraje skutecznie poprawiają tę sytuację, dzieląc się najlepszymi praktykami, oraz jak profesjonalizować system azylowy. Coraz więcej badań naukowych dotyczy lokalnych realiów w kontekście krajowym, szczególnie w osi euroamerykańskiej. Rzadko spotyka się próby teoretycznego wyjaśnienia tego przejścia, od całkowitego zaprzeczenia praw do kwalifikowalności/uznania – Puar (2013), Millbank (2013) oraz Dustin i Held (2012) wnieśli wkład w tę dziedzinę. W stylu refleksji teoretycznej, dodając do tej dyskusji elementy czasowe, zamiast rozumieć własną logikę „ewolucji” w ustawodawstwie azylowym w ciągu ostatnich 30 lat, twierdzimy, że „azyl LGBT” kwitnie obecnie w krajach, które poparły reżimy sprzyjające tożsamości. Zjawisko to jest charakterystyczne dla liberalnych demokracji i nie odzwierciedla logiki „postępu”, o której dyskutują niektórzy współcześni autorzy. Dlatego proponujemy podzielić kraje na sceptyczne wobec LGBT, identyfikujące się z LGBT i ciche wobec LGBT.
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