Political extremism in New Zealand
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34767/SIIP.2020.19.02Keywords:
Great Replacement, racism, New Zealand, extreme left, extreme right, identitaranism, clash of the civilization, state-phobiaAbstract
In this paper an author state a hypothesis that political extremism in New Zealand is a permanent phenomena that is present
in New Zealand, which derives itself from globalization processes and evolves as the effect of idea’s diffusion. System theory is used as a theoretical perspective and a priori assumption that political extremism deepen state-phobia is made. Research methods such as lexical analysis and comparative analysis are used. During the research main extremist political trends are reveal, such as leftist, rightist, pro-ecological, islamic and postcolonial, and „lone-wolf” extremism. These phenomenon are highlighted in the perspective of potential security threats to the state. Ideological sources of extreme attitudes are revealed and shown in the most current political trends.
References
Action Zealandia. (2020). Ideals. Action Zealandia(online). Pobrano z lokalizacji https://action-zealandia.com/
Beath, L. (2020). Terrorism and counter – terrorism – Securing New Zealand against terrorism. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand (online). Pobrano z lokalizacji: https://teara.govt.nz/en/terrorism-and-counter-terrorism/page-1
Braae, A. (2018). Socialism is back, baby, and it doesn’t want your vote. “The Spinoff” (online) 4.10.2018. Pobrano z lokalizacji: https://thespinoff.co.nz/politics/04-10-2018/socialism-is-back-baby-and-it-doesnt-want-your-vote/
Bunting, F. (2010). Polynesian Panthers make movie. “Sunday News” (online)13.06.2010. Pobrano z lokalizacji: http://www.stuff.co.nz/sunday-news/latest-edition/3806084/Polynesian-Panthers-make-movie
Chodubski, A. (2016). Deprywacja polityczna. W: W. Sokół & M. Żmigrodzki (red.), Encyklopedia politologii (s. 192-193).
Chodubski, A. (2006). Wstęp do badań politologicznych. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego.
Consedine, R. (2020). Anti-racism and Treaty of Waitangi activism – Organising against racism, 1970s to early 21st century. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand (online) 21.06.2020. https://teara.govt.nz/en/anti-racism-and-treaty-of-waitangi-activism/page-4
Crosby, H. (2017). Right wing Extremism in New Zealand: Dialogues with those who left. A thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology, the Univesity of Auckland.
Cukiernik, T. (2020). Na antypodachwolności. Częstochowa: 3DOM.
Derby, M. (2020). Strikes and labour disputes – Early labour disputes. “Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand” (online) 1.03.2016. Pobrano z lokalizacji:https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/20471/1890-maritime-strike-auckland-wharves
Doolin, C. (2014). The Role of Women in the 1890 Maritime Strike. “Scoop. Independent News” (online) 1.07.2014. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL1407/S00009/the-role-of-women-in-the-1890-maritime-strike.htm
Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line. (2020). Anti-Revisionism in New Zealand (online). Pobrane z lokalizacji: https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/new-zealand/index.htm
Goldberg, J. (2018). Suicide of the West. Hot the rebirth of tribialism, populism, nationalism, and identity politics is destroying American democracy. New York: Crown Forum.
GunOwnership By Country 2020. (2020). Pobrano z lokalizacji: https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/gun-ownership-by-country
Huntingon, S.P. (2003). Zderzenie cywilizacji i nowy kształt ładu światowego. Warszawa: Warszawskie Wydawnictwo Literackie MUZA SA.
Iati, I. (2008). The Potential of Civil Society in Climate Change Adaptation Strategies. Political Science, Vol. 60, No. 1, s. 19–30.
Kerr, F., Manch T. (2020). What’s public and what’s secret in the case of the soldier arrested for breaching national security. “Stuff” (online) 24.02.2020. Pobrano z lokalizacji: https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/119627639/whats-publicand-whats-secret-in-the-case-of-the-soldier-arrested-for-breaching-nationalsecurity?rm=m
King, M. (2003). The Penguing History of New Zealand. Auckland: Penguing Books.
Langer, T. (1977). Amerykańska wersja analizy systemowej w nauce o państwie. Warszawa.
Lasoń M. (2018). Polityka obronna i bezpieczeństwa narodowego Nowej Zelandii w XXI wieku. Pomiędzy pragmatyzmem a minimalizmem. Kraków: Oficyna Wydwnicza AFM Krakowskiej Akademii im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego.
Ługowska, U., Grabski, A. (2003). Trockizm. Doktryna i ruch polityczny. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo TRIO.
Malendowicz, P. (2015). Ekstremizm polityczny a bezpieczeństwo państwa i ład międzynarodowy, Bezpieczeństwo Narodowe, nr I.
Masters, C. (2006). Brown power. “New Zealand Herald” (online), 14.07.2006. Pobrano z lokalizacji: https://www.nzherald.co.nz/grey-lynn/news/article.cfm?l_id=340&objectid=10391310
Maxwell, P. (1997). Radicals. “NZONSCREEN”. Movie. Pobrano z lokalizacji: https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/radicals-1997
Michalak, B. (2016). Ekstremizm polityczny. W: W. Sokół & M. Żmigrodzki (red.), Encyklopedia politologii (s. 208–210).
Ministry for Culture and Heritage. (2014). The 1913 Great Strike. “New Zealand History” (online), 1.07.2014. Pobrano z lokalizacji: https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/1913-great-strike/outbreak-of-the-1913-strike
Rashbrooke, M. (red.) )2013). Inequality. A New Zealand crisis. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books.
Robinson, V., Steward, I. (2012). Urewera Four trial: Boys to be witnesses. “Dominion Post” (online), 15.02.2012. Pobrano z lokalizacji: http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/6420150/Urewera-Four-trial-Boys-to-be-witnesses
Salmon, D. (2010). PolynesianPanthers (online), Pobrano z lokalizacji: https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/polynesian-panthers-2010?collection=protest
Schedler, A. (2020). Democractic Reciprocity. Volume 0, No. 0, s. 1–27.
Smith, P.M. (2007). A concise history of New Zealand. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Stastny, A., Orr, R. (2014). The influence of the US Black Panthers on indigenous activism in Australia and New Zealand from 1969 onwards. Australian Aborigonal Studies, vol. 2.
Tarrant, B. (2019). The Great Replacement. Towards a New Society We March Ever Forwards. [b.d.].
The World Bank. (2020). GDP per capita (current US$) – New Zealand. Pobrano z lokalizacji: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=NZ
Towards a Socialist Aotearoa: Programme of the New Communist Party of Aotearoa.“New Communist Party of Aotearoa” (online). Pobrano z lokalizacji: https://newcommunist.party/programme/
van Leeuwen W.R.(2018). Dreamers of the Dark: Kerry Bolton and the Order of the Left Hand Path, a case study of a Satanic Neo-Nazi Society. Master thesis. The University of Waikato. Pobrano z lokalizacji: http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/
Wałdoch, M. (2020). Bliskie antypody: relacje polsko-nowozelandzkie w procesach globalizacji i dywersyfikacji świata. Bydgoszcz. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego.
Wałdoch, M. (2018). Statofobia jako przyczyna cofania się fali demokratyzacji. Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość. T. XV, s. 97–124.
Wilcox, V.G. (1963). Out to the people on to the offensive against monopoly. Peking: Foreign Languages Press.
Zúquete, P. (2018). The Identitarians: The Movement against Globalism and Islam in Europe. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.
